Cannabis use among older adults rising rapidly

Colorado study is first state-wide investigation of cannabis use among older Americans and the outcomes they experience

May 30, 2019

Science Daily/University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus

Cannabis use among older adults is growing faster than any other age group but many report barriers to getting medical marijuana, a lack of communication with their doctors and a lingering stigma attached to the drug, according to researchers.

The study, the first to look at how older Americans use cannabis and the outcomes they experience, was published this month in the journal Drugs & Aging.

"Older Americans are using cannabis for a lot of different reasons," said study co-author Hillary Lum, MD, PhD, assistant professor of medicine at the University of Colorado School of Medicine. "Some use it to manage pain while others use it for depression or anxiety."

The 2016 National Survey of Drug Use and Health showed a ten-fold increase in cannabis use among adults over age 65.

The researchers set out to understand how older people perceived cannabis, how they used it and the positive and negative outcomes associated with it.

They conducted 17 focus groups in in senior centers, health clinics and cannabis dispensaries in 13 Colorado counties that included more than 136 people over the age of 60. Some were cannabis users, others were not.

"We identified five major themes," Lum said.

These included: A lack of research and education about cannabis; A lack of provider communication about cannabis; A lack of access to medical cannabis; A lack of outcome information about cannabis use; A reluctance to discuss cannabis use.

Researchers found a general reluctance among some to ask their doctors for a red card to obtain medical marijuana. Instead, they chose to pay more for recreational cannabis.

Lum said this could be driven by feeling self-conscious about asking a doctor for cannabis. That, she said, points to a failure of communication between health care providers and their patients.

"I think [doctors can] be a lot more open to learning about it and discussing it with their patients," said one focus group respondent. "Because at this point I have told my primary care I was using it on my shoulder. And that was the end of the conversation. He didn't want to know why, he didn't want to know about effects, didn't want to know about side effects, didn't want to know anything."

Some said their doctors were unable or unwilling to provide a certificate, the document needed to obtain medical marijuana. They also said physicians need to educate themselves on the latest cannabis research.

Some older users reported positive outcomes when using cannabis for pain as opposed to taking highly addictive prescription opioids. They often differentiated between using cannabis for medical reasons and using it recreationally.

"Although study participants discussed recreational cannabis more negatively than medical cannabis, they felt it was more comparable to drinking alcohol, often asserting a preference for recreational cannabis over the negative effects of alcohol," the study said.

The researchers also found that despite the legalization of cannabis in Colorado and other states, some older people still felt a stigma attached to it.

"Some participants, for example, referred to the movie `Reefer Madness' (1936) and other anti-marijuana propaganda adverts that negatively framed cannabis as immoral and illegal," the researchers said.

The study adds to the growing literature on the diversity of marijuana use patterns in older adults, said co-author Sara Honn Qualls, PhD, ABPP, professor of psychology and director of the Gerontology Center at the University of Colorado Colorado Springs.

"Older adults who use marijuana are ingesting it in a variety of ways for multiple purposes," she said. "This and other papers from the same project show growing acceptance of marijuana use for medical purposes by older adults, and a clear desire to have their primary health providers involved in educating them about options and risks.

Lum agreed.

She said Colorado, the first state to legalize recreational marijuana, provides a unique laboratory to gauge public attitudes toward cannabis.

"From a physician's standpoint this study shows the need to talk to patients in a non-judgmental way about cannabis," she said. "Doctors should also educate themselves about the risks and benefits of cannabis and be able to communicate that effectively to patients."

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/05/190530122019.htm

Medical marijuana laws linked to health and labor supply benefits in older adults

Findings show that pain declines, assessments of health improve and Americans remain in the workforce

March 19, 2019

Science Daily/Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health

A study that examined older Americans' well-being before and after medical marijuana laws were passed in their state found reductions in reported pain and increased hours worked. The study suggests medical marijuana laws could be improving older Americans' health.

The paper analyzed more than 100,000 responses from survey participants age 51 and older from 1992 to 2012. Researchers found a 4.8 percent decrease in reported pain and a 6.6 percent increase in reported very good or excellent health among respondents with a health condition that would qualify for medical marijuana after their states passed medical marijuana laws relative to similar respondents whose states did not pass a law.

The study appears in the Spring 2019 issue of the Journal of Policy Analysis and Management.

"Our study is important because of the limited availability of clinical trial data on the effects of medical marijuana," says Lauren Hersch Nicholas, PhD, assistant professor in the Bloomberg School's Department of Health Policy and Management. "While several studies point to improved pain control with medical marijuana, research has largely ignored older adults even though they experience the highest rates of medical issues that could be treated with medical marijuana."

Medical marijuana remains controversial as national support for it surges. Opponents continue to argue that legalizing medical marijuana would promote illegal use of the drug and increase misuse of related substances. Supporters highlight the potential health benefits of medical marijuana for pain management and other conditions. By the end of 2018, 33 states and Washington, D.C. had passed laws legalizing medical use of marijuana.

For their study, researchers used data from the 1992-2012 Health and Retirement Study (HRS), the largest nationally representative survey to have track health and labor market outcomes among older Americans. The researchers examined survey responses about symptoms that have a plausible link to one's ability to work: frequency of pain, whether health limits work, overall health assessment and depressive symptoms. At the time of the analysis, 20 states had medical marijuana laws in place.

The analysis matched medical marijuana law effective dates to the HRS interview responses, based on month and year, to track the possible effects of these policy changes. The analysis used 100,921 participant responses that represented individuals with one or more of four health conditions that would qualify for medical marijuana treatment under most state laws (arthritis, cancer, glaucoma and pain). The paper found that 55 percent of the study sample were suffering from one or more of these diagnoses.

The study found that medical marijuana laws lead to increases in full-time work in both samples.

In the sample that would qualify for medical marijuana treatment, the researchers found a greater increase in full-time work after medical marijuana laws were passed. In the full sample, researchers found a 5 percent increase in full-time work versus a 7.3 percent in the sample that qualified for medical marijuana. These results suggest that any decline in productivity resulting from medical marijuana usage -- such as not being able to work at capacity while under treatment -- is outweighed by increased capacity to work.

The study found no evidence that medical marijuana laws were associated with changes in daily activities such as getting dressed, going to the bathroom or walking.

"These findings underscore the close relationship between health policy and labor supply within older adults," says Nicholas. "When we're doing policy evaluations, we have to think not only about whether the policy is changing health outcomes, but also whether it does it in a way that supports labor force participation."

The results can help inform policy decisions about medical marijuana policy and broaden clinical support for additional research on marijuana as an effective medical treatment. This is important, the authors say, because marijuana is still illegal and classified as a schedule 1 drug at the federal level, and there remains limited clinical evidence available to inform medical marijuana policies and treatment options for many patients, especially older adults.

The study was supported by the National Institute on Aging.

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/03/190319121750.htm