Link between brain immune cells and Alzheimer's disease development identified
Absence of microglia prevents plaque formation
August 21, 2019
Science Daily/University of California - Irvine
Scientists from the University of California, Irvine School of Biological Sciences have discovered how to forestall Alzheimer's disease in a laboratory setting, a finding that could one day help in devising targeted drugs that prevent it.
The researchers found that by removing brain immune cells known as microglia from rodent models of Alzheimer's disease, beta-amyloid plaques -- the hallmark pathology of AD -- never formed. Their study will appear Aug. 21 in the journal Nature Communications.
Previous research has shown most Alzheimer's risk genes are turned on in microglia, suggesting these cells play a role in the disease. "However, we hadn't understood exactly what the microglia are doing and whether they are significant in the initial Alzheimer's process," said Kim Green, associate professor of neurobiology & behavior. "We decided to examine this issue by looking at what would happen in their absence."
The researchers used a drug that blocks microglia signaling that is necessary for their survival. Green and his lab have previously shown that blocking this signaling effectively eliminates these immune cells from the brain. "What was striking about these studies is we found that in areas without microglia, plaques didn't form," Green said. "However, in places where microglia survived, plaques did develop. You don't have Alzheimer's without plaques, and we now know microglia are a necessary component in the development of Alzheimer's."
The scientists also discovered that when plaques are present, microglia perceive them as harmful and attack them. However, the attack also switches off genes in neurons needed for normal brain functioning. "This finding underlines the crucial role of these brain immune cells in the development and progression of Alzheimer's," said Green.
Professor Green and colleagues say their discovery holds promise for creating future drugs that prevent the disease. "We are not proposing to remove all microglia from the brain," Professor Green said, noting the importance of microglia in regulating other brain functions. "What could be possible is devising therapeutics that affect microglia in targeted ways."
He also believes the project's research approach offers an avenue for better understanding other brain disorders.
"These immune cells are involved in every neurological disease and even in brain injury," Professor Green said. "Removing microglia could enable researchers working in those areas to determine the cells' role and whether targeting microglia could be a potential treatment."
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/08/190821082236.htm
Call it Mighty Mouse: Breakthrough leaps Alzheimer's research hurdle
Study reveals crucial mechanisms contributing to the disease
July 31, 2019
Science Daily/University of California - Irvine
University of California, Irvine researchers have made it possible to learn how key human brain cells respond to Alzheimer's, vaulting a major obstacle in the quest to understand and one day vanquish it. By developing a way for human brain immune cells known as microglia to grow and function in mice, scientists now have an unprecedented view of crucial mechanisms contributing to the disease.
The team, led by Mathew Blurton-Jones, associate professor of neurobiology & behavior, said the breakthrough also holds promise for investigating many other neurological conditions such as Parkinson's, traumatic brain injury, and stroke. The details of their study have just been published in the journal Neuron.
The scientists dedicated four years to devising the new rodent model, which is considered "chimeric." The word, stemming from the mythical Greek monster Chimera that was part goat, lion and serpent, describes an organism containing at least two different sets of DNA.
To create the specialized mouse, the team generated induced pluripotent stem cells, or iPSCs, using cells donated by adult patients. Once created, iPSCs can be turned into any other type of cell. In this case, the researchers coaxed the iPSCs into becoming young microglia and implanted them into genetically-modified mice. Examining the rodents several months later, the scientists found about 80-percent of the microglia in their brains was human, opening the door for an array of new research.
"Microglia are now seen as having a crucial role in the development and progression of Alzheimer's," said Blurton-Jones. "The functions of our cells are influenced by which genes are turned on or off. Recent research has identified over 40 different genes with links to Alzheimer's and the majority of these are switched on in microglia. However, so far we've only been able to study human microglia at the end stage of Alzheimer's in post-mortem tissues or in petri dishes."
In verifying the chimeric model's effectiveness for these investigations, the team checked how its human microglia reacted to amyloid plaques, protein fragments in the brain that accumulate in people with Alzheimer's. They indeed imitated the expected response by migrating toward the amyloid plaques and surrounding them.
"The human microglia also showed significant genetic differences from the rodent version in their response to the plaques, demonstrating how important it is to study the human form of these cells," Blurton-Jones said.
"This specialized mouse will allow researchers to better mimic the human condition during different phases of Alzheimer's while performing properly-controlled experiments," said Jonathan Hasselmann, one of the two neurobiology & behavior graduate students involved in the study. Understanding the stages of the disease, which according to the Alzheimer's Association can last from two to 20 years, has been among the challenges facing researchers.
Neurobiology & behavior graduate student and study co-author Morgan Coburn said: "In addition to yielding vital information about Alzheimer's, this new chimeric rodent model can show us the role of these important immune cells in brain development and a wide range of neurological disorders."
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/07/190731125448.htm