Fast food intake leads to weight gain in preschoolers
February 14, 2020
Science Daily/The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth
There is a strong link between the amount of fast food that pre-school age children consume and their likelihood of becoming overweight or obese, according to a new Dartmouth-led study, published in the journal Pediatric Obesity.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, nearly 25 percent of children between the ages of 2 and 5 years are overweight or obese in the U.S. These conditions increase the risk of numerous physical and psychosocial problems during childhood, including fatty liver disease, type 2 diabetes, and depression.
"We now know from our studies and others, that kids who start on the path of extra weight gain during this really important timeframe tend to carry it forward into adolescence and adulthood, and this sets them up for major health consequences as they get older," says first author Jennifer Emond, PhD, MS, an assistant professor of biomedical data science and of pediatrics at the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth.
Previous research has shown that fast-food intake is common among children -- about one-third of U.S. children consume fast food daily -- and has suggested that there is an association between fast food consumption and children becoming overweight or obese. But it hasn't been clear whether eating fast food independently contributes to excess weight gain at such a young age.
In an effort to make this determination, the investigators followed a cohort of more than 500 pre-school age children (ages 3 to 5) and their families in southern New Hampshire for one year. The height and weight of the children were measured at the beginning and end of the study. Parents reported their children's fast-food intake frequency weekly -- from 11 chain fast-food restaurants -- in six online surveys that were completed at two-month intervals.
The researchers found that at the beginning of the study, about 18 percent of the children were overweight and nearly 10 percent were obese. Importantly, about 8 percent of children transitioned to a greater weight status over the one-year period.
"To our knowledge, ours is the first study to follow a cohort over time and to show that fast food, by itself, uniquely contributes to weight gain," explains Emond. "Unlike with past research, we were able to adjust for other factors -- such as exercise and screen time -- that could possibly explain away this relationship.
"Findings from this research," says Emond, "should be used to inform guidelines and policies that can reduce fast-food marketing exposure to children and help support parents who may be struggling to adopt healthier eating behaviors for their kids."
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/02/200214134723.htm
Offering children a wide variety and large quantities of snack food encourages them to eat more
Less focus on plate size and more on reducing quantity and variety of food key to getting children to snack less
July 19, 2019
Science Daily/Murdoch Childrens Research Institute
Offering children a wide variety and large quantities of snack food encourages them to eat more - and may contribute to weight problems, a new study has found. The research also found that how snacks are presented (in a large or small container) has little influence on how much children snack.
A new study has found that offering children a wide variety and large quantities of snack food encourages them to eat more -- and this practice may be contributing to Australia's weight problem.
The research*, led by the Murdoch Children's Research Institute and published in the latest International Journal of Obesity, also found that how snacks are presented (in a large or small container) has little influence on how much children snack.
Lead researcher Dr Jessica Kerr said their study found children weren't greatly affected by container size, with food consumption mainly driven by the quantity/variety of snacks on offer.
"There has been a popular push by nutritionists and public health officials towards replacing large dishware with smaller versions to nudge people towards healthier decisions," she said. "But we have found dishware size has very little effect on the amount of food consumed."
Dr Kerr said while the overconsumption of snack foods is an important contributor to obesity, most people do not recognise the impact it has on their calorie intake.
"Children and adults should only consume energy-dense snacks occasionally -- they do not need to be part of daily energy intake," she said. "But the reality is that Australians typically get around 30-40 per cent of their energy intake from snack foods."
Dr Kerr said three times as many children in Australia are now overweight or obese compared to 30 years ago.
"About 20 per cent (1 in 5) of children are overweight or obese," she said. "There are many complications of children being overweight such as type 2 diabetes, orthopaedic and respiratory disorders, liver problems and sleep apnoea."
Dr Kerr said until now studies into snacking behavior were limited by self-reported data or small sample sizes.
"Past dietary studies have mostly focused on main meals," Dr Kerr said. "It is important to determine on a larger scale how dishware size and the quantity, variety, and energy density of snacks affect both child and adult snacking behavior when apart from each other outside of the family environment," she said.
For the study, participants ate during a 15-minute snack break between 20 other health assessments at the Child Health CheckPoint, which looked at the health of 1800 children, aged 11-12 years, and their parents across a variety of factors from physical activity to sleep.
The children and parents were given a snack box containing non-perishable items such as crackers, cheese, a muesli bar, biscuits, a tub of peaches and chocolate.
The quantity/number and variety of snack food items and the container sizes that the food was presented in varied. Children and parents ate separately and at different times.
Researchers recorded how much food each child and parent left in the box uneaten, and calculated the total grams and kilojoules consumed.
"Children who were offered more snack items consumed considerably more energy and a slightly higher food mass. Manipulating box/container size had little effect on consumption," she said.
The impact on adults was little, however Dr Kerr said adults were more aware that they were being observed and this may have impacted their eating behaviour.
Dr Kerr said further research should be done with parents and community leaders to better understand the use and purpose of snack food items in the face of time pressures, marketing, and child preferences.
"Although there is sometimes a place for snack items to bridge the gap between main meals, our results reinforce calls to educate parents and schools about appropriate snack items and amounts of food to offer children," she said.
"Our research indicates that more attention and resources should be directed to toward offering children smaller amounts of food and, specifically, fewer and less variety of energy-dense foods and pre-packaged items. Interventions should not solely invest in reducing dishware size in the expectation that this will lead to reduced intake of snack foods."
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/07/190719105511.htm